This poet's name is Effie Allan.

Effie Allan was a school teacher during the Great War. This photo was taken in 1916, and shows Effie (standing far left) with her class.

Effie's poem was inspired by the common practice of sock knitting which was taking place during the war to help the war effort. Many people sewed or knitted warm clothing - including socks - for family and friends at the front. Knitters often included notes or poems with the items they made. Sometimes a correspondence would develop with the soldiers which could continue through the war.

There were hundreds, if not thousands of these letters, and most of them have been lost to posterity, but some of them have come to light, showing that poetry was a common form of expression throughout the Great War. The patriotic Australian woman was compelled to do something. If not nursing the boys at the front or in back-line hospitals, then by nursing the fledgling national pride. Many women contributed to the war effort in many diverse ways, but their hearts were filled with pride, love and fear for the boys at the front.

Here is a poem/letter sent by Effie to a soldier serving at the front.

Gifts from home

Stitch by stitch our knitting grows
While we think of the German foes
Who are fighting our brave lads
Just because of the Kaiser’s fads.
So with best wishes found and true
With all good luck I send to you
These little socks, which give us pleasure
To sit and work all in our leisure.
And when you wear them till they're through
Remember there are plenty who
Will make some more for those who fight
For those they love and king and right.
And if you feel inclined some night
Just take your paper, pen and write
A few lines to the address above
Who is one who does this work for love.

This poet's name is Frank E. Westbrook.

Francis Edmund Westbrook was born in 1889 at South Yarra in Victoria Australia and died in 1976 aged 87 years in Hawthorn, Victoria. On enlisting, Frank described his civilian occupation as a cook, but in the army he held the rank of Trumpeter in 2 FAB (Field Artillery Brigade). He shipped out on the HMAT Shropshire on 20/10/1914.

Before Gallipoli, Frank (and his regiment) were in Egypt. His records indicate that after months of front line action he was evacuated from Gallipoli with "severe Diarrhoea", this was actually a euphemism for Dysentry. Many soldiers at Gallipoli died from Dysentry and medical staff were under pressure not to report it as such. Frank initially recovered on the Greek island of Lemnos before being returned to England in early 1916.

Frank met, and fell in love with Winifred Eggleton. They were married on 21st June 1918. In fact Frank's Army record sports a number of AWOL's during his time in England, obviously love was more important than obeying petty deadlines!

With his new wife he returned to his beloved Australia, and as far as is known, lived a normal life back in his homeland. Frank was very much a "working class" hero. While his poems may lack some of the finesse of Sassoon or Auden they are deeply moving, especially when he relates to his fallen comrades in poems such as Percy or Good-bye. Occasionally some of the propaganda of the era shows through, but surely this can be forgiven. Frank was a brave ordinary soldier "doing his bit".

The above information may be found on Bill Rees' website:

http://anzacandafter.blogspot.com/2008/03/frank-westbrook-information.html

The above picture is kindly provided by Bill Rees.

Frank E. Westbrook is an important Australian poet for several reasons, least of which is the fact that he was a mere private, yet he spoke with an affection for his fellow soldiers which may be compared to Owen. He, along with certain other Australian Great War poets, should be compulsory reading in the Australian school curriculum. The following poem is taken from Frank's book, 'Anzac and After'.

Introduction

In byways of duty that led me through danger,
By valleys and slopes that were tinted with blood
In crackle of Maxims and roar of shrapnel
When death in its coming rolled up to the flood
In heat, dust, and vermin and stench of the fallen
In sweat and in sorrow, in struggle and toil,
In waiting and watching, in nerve-racking vigil,
In sap and in traverse entrenched in the soil,
In dreams of Australia and hours of remembrance,
In longing and sighing, in hope and regret,
In vision of bushlands and homes of my fathers,
In myriad scenes that a man can't forget,
In pride in our army the men of Australia,
The living, the broken, the maimed and the dead,
In sympathy keen for the loved ones who sorrow,
In pride for the cause that we've fought for and bled.
In brilliant transcendence of sunrise and splendour
In colours of grandeur the sunsets have worn,
In shade, shine and shower, and days of forebodings,
In mirth and grey sorrow these verses were born.

ANZAC, April 25 to Oct 8, 1915

This soldier's name is Bert Smythe.

Bert was one of four brothers who served in the Great War. He wrote an article about his experiences at Gallipoli.

Bert's article "At the Dardenelles" published in the Jerilderie Herald and Urana Advertiser on 9 and 16 July 1915 inspired an unknown author to write this poem, which was published the following week, 23 July 1915.

A SOLDIER’S LETTER

The following highly interesting letter has been received from Private Bert Smythe, an old Jerilderie boy who was wounded in operations at the Dardanelles:-

THE LANDING

Half a mile from shore the troops were under shrapnel fire and many a poor chap never got off the destroyers, and many more were killed in the boats both by rifle, machine gun and shrapnel fire. One boat was struck on the waterline by a concussion shrapnel and of course sank, and some of the men were drowned. One chap swam ashore with the whole of his kit and rifle, though how the dickens he did it I don’t know. A couple of pontoons loaded with troops broke loose from the tow and the Turks got the machine guns on to them and killed every man in them.

Once our boys got ashore they soon rooted out all the Turks; they charged them with the bayonet. I heard that one officer, only a mere boy, bagged five with his revolver. They got the Turks on the run and after a while the Turks, seeing how eager they were to charge, led them on two or three times and then raked them with machine guns and shrapnel. Consequently the Third Brigade, though they did not, comparatively speaking, lose very many in the actual landing, were pretty severely cut up before reinforcements were able to reach them. We landed in a bad place, and it’s just as well. The Turks were expecting us at another place, and had we gone there we would never have got ashore. They had guns and machine guns, splendid trenches, obstacles and even barbed wire entanglements and mines in the water to welcome us with. Where we actually did land was not very strongly guarded and we sort of surprised them, and we had got ashore and established ourselves before they could bring sufficient troops to prevent us.

Once we got ashore it was just a matter of holding on. The 3rd Brigade’s turn came about 8 a.m. and A Co. went first. I was OK until I saw the bodies of four poor beggars on the destroyer covered over with a tarpaulin. The blood was running out from under it, and it quite upset me. Didn’t get my nerve back until we got into the rowing boats and then I was OK.

The shrapnel was bursting all around us at intervals, but our boat escaped and landed without any casualties. When the boats got fairly close in we hopped out. I picked out a nice shallow part up to my knees, but didn’t get three feet before it was almost to my waist. One of our boys stood on a stone and it rolled and he went right under. We had no opposition in landing, except for the shrapnel, as the 3rd Brigade had cleared out all the beggars out from the beach. After a short rest in a ravine we pushed on. Talk about hill! we had to simply pull ourselves up by the undergrowth in places. None of them were very high, but they were all very steep, and we had to stop for a spell every little while. It was during one of these short spells that we had our first casualty. A bullet got Sergeant Cavill in the neck and killed him. . .

The bullets from the fighting in front were flying around pretty thick. You could hear in every direction the sharp crack as they passed. Finally we got on top of the hill with a pretty good trench in it. The fact that it was a Turkish trench didn’t worry our consciences in the least. We just took possession of it and inwardly thanked the Turks for saving us the trouble of digging one. Unfortunately it had no field of fire, so we got up on to the crest of the hill and tried to pick out some of the Turks who were now potting at us both with rifles and machine guns. But we could not see a sign of them as the whole country is covered with scrub about 3ft high – ideal country for snipers and machine guns – and of course they were effectively concealed. We dug ourselves in, so that we were safe from rifle fire. It’s lovely work lying as close to the ground as a snake and trying to dig yourself a trench at the same time.

SHRAPNEL FIRE

About noon we had the artillery turned on us again, and it was lovely. We had no protection against the shrapnel so we had to grin and bear it. Every few seconds a shell would burst, sometimes near us and sometimes a bit off, and they kept our nerves on edge all the time. Shrapnel looks very pretty. The shell bursts up in the air and makes a pretty cloud of white smoke, and when several burst near each other at the same time the effect is very striking. But when the shooting is good it is very nerve racking. The shell can be heard some distance off coming with half a scream and half hiss, culminating in a deafening report as the charge in the shell explodes, and drives 300 bullets in a steep angle to the ground with great velocity. Sometimes the case of the shell is blown to pieces by the charge, but more often it falls to the ground intact.

THE SNIPER

About 5 p.m. our Company Sergeant-Major McGregor, a fine old chap, and a pal of mine, was shot dead by a sniper. The bullet hit him between the eyes. The enemy have a battalion of sharpshooters, and I think they had them scattered along our front to snipe us off whenever a man exposed himself. Our scouts found one sniper in a lovely hidden trench behind and half in a bush, all the earth completely hidden and a loophole to shoot through. He had a week's provisions and 1000 rounds of ammunition with him, so he was pretty well set up, wasn’t he?

During the 4 days that I was there, there were several 3rd Battalion officers killed and wounded and when I left our colonel, Colonel Owen, was in charge of the 1st and 2nd Brigades – 8 battalions. Both our Brigadier and Brigade Major were killed. Our Brigade Major was in our trench just before he was killed. He was standing in a part of the trench labelled “Dangerous” and Major Brown remonstrated with him, telling him to come away or he’d be sniped and he said, “I’m here to be sniped at.” Ten minutes later we heard he was killed. We got practically no sleep on the Sunday night as the enemy kept up a persistent fire the whole night long, and threatened us with bayonet attacks several times. Just after sunset I took some ammunition to the right where they were running out. I was warned about a bit of open ground that I had to cross so I rushed over. Luckily the beggar missed me and I got over OK. It was funny coming back. I made a rush and fell over half way, but got up mighty quick I can tell you. He must have been unprepared because he did not pot at me. Next day was pretty warm work. They never gave us an instant’s peace. I was on observing nearly the whole of the time, Major Brown lending me his glasses.

TURKS CUT UP

The day before, he (Major Brown) did a good piece of work. He spotted a column of Turks in a defile so he bolted out, found a machine gun and got them to follow him till he came in view of them, then he gave the range as 1600 yards and the gun got them first shot. You ought to have seen the scatter when she started pouring bullets into them at 300 a minute, it would have done you good. You’d have died laughing. The gun cut them up pretty badly though, and it put Major Brown in a high old good humour.

FIRST GOOD VIEW OF TURKS

On the Monday morning we had our first good view of the Turks, and it was not very disastrous to them either. They were crossing a ridge about 600 yards off, and as soon as they appeared a heavy fire was opened on them, but as they were running across us, very little damage was done. We had hardly started firing before “Cease Fire” was sounded as they were our own men. Major Brown put the glasses on them and roared out, “Fire men, fire, they are not our men, they are Turks.” It see-sawed about four times until finally just after they were proved to be Turks, they disappeared in a crevice. Major Brown was fairly ramping over it. He actually had a shot at them himself and said he bagged one. I had a shot too but without result. Just about sundown we got word that the French were expected in about an hour and that everything had to be done with the bayonet, so we all got ready for a charge. Major Brown went down to the outpost trench to lead the charge, but things got so hot that we had to get into the trench. They were giving us fair H__ with their shrapnel. Our artillery was quiet for some reason, and I suppose the Turks thought they had better rip it in hot while they could.

NARROW SHAVES

I was crouching behind one of the boys, but when the shrapnel got bad I got in alongside him to give my head a little cover. He was wearing his haversack on his back and shortly after a concussion shrapnel came plunk into the earth just behind us taking bits off my companion's haversack with it as it passed. On striking the ground it exploded and slightly injured Major Brown in the face though he was fully five yards to the side. It had barely exploded when another came in exactly in the same place. Of course, I don’t know whether it was the first or second one that injured the Major. He temporarily lost the use of his eye and I had to lead him back after it got dark. I thought that Eibel the chap who had his haversack torn about, was badly hurt. He fell forward with such an awful groan and lay limp on me. I thought it had got him in the head. He recovered in a few minutes, however, and patted himself on the back on his providential escape. If I had remained beside him instead of getting in alongside him, it would have got me fair in the chest, and I am afraid it would have got the best of the bargain. During the morning was hit by a spent bullet. It came through the bank of earth, hit Major Brown on the shoulder, cannoned on to the side of the trench, and from there on to my back. I kept it as a souvenir and fitted it in the first shell I fired but I lost it afterwards. 
Again there was no more sleep for us during the night. I was observing practically all the time. The nights were beautiful and clear with a lovely moon. The moon had its advantages and disadvantages. It prevented the enemy getting so close that they could charge without warning, and at the same time it rendered it unsafe for us to knock about outside the trenches. Next morning Major Brown went into the hospital and I reported to the next in charge, and while observing for him incurred the displeasure of some or perhaps only one sniper, who potted at me consistently whenever I gave him a chance.

(Continued in the next issue of the newspaper 16 July 1915)

Whilst observing this morning picked up a couple of snipers crawling back, so I grabbed my rifle but couldn't see them without the glasses for some time. Found them at last. Both were lying still – one half behind a bush. Knocked the dust up right under one with 500 yards up. Saw the other move then so I gave them three each for luck. They were still there some time later in the morning. Was again hit by a spent bullet; only this time it was one of our own and I had a look to see if it went in, it hit so hard. As the Turks were known to use our rifles and ammunition, very likely it was fired by a Turk. I picked it up in the dirt afterwards.

The beggars will go to any length to gain their ends. Several were shot dressed in the N.Z. uniform. Some of them were very brave and actually got into our trenches and were giving orders as cool as cucumbers but they invariably got discovered and paid the penalty without any waste of time. They’d get up and order us to cease fire, or perhaps to get out of the trenches and prepare to charge, and all sorts of other dodges. The enemy every night used to get up to within 50 yards, and even closer and you can imagine what would happen if we got out of our trenches and stood up in the bright moonlight. We were not having any, thanks!

Tuesday night was our worst night and as per usual no one got any sleep. The Turks evidently intended to attack with the bayonet along the whole front, but they got such a reception on the left, where they started first, that they abandoned it. Under fearful fire from our trenches they formed up in line to charge three times and each time they were cut to pieces – mown down like hay. They were brave, and by the extreme steadiness must have been trained troops. As a preparatory dose they gave us an awful time with shrapnel right up to a good while after dark on Tuesday evening.

Had another very lucky escape during the afternoon. . . A concussion shrapnel landed fair on my observation post about 5 yards off, and made an awful mess of it. I said to myself, “By Jingo, the next will just about land right on top of us.” And it did. Landed right in the trench fair opposite us and buried us up to our necks in dirt. I scrambled to my feet to see if I was hurt and was mighty thankful to find I wasn’t. Major Brown was the only one touched and he got his face still more marked and blood covered. He had a bandage over one eye and all the rest of his face was covered with blood from small skin wounds.

Whilst having tea a bit after dark I had to take an officer to a trench he did not know. Only expected to be away 10 minutes so I left haversack, water bottle and rifle and all behind me. While away the enemy suddenly threatened us with a bayonet charge so we all rushed to the front line. I grabbed a rifle –a broken one too – fixed the bayonet and hopped in with them. The trenches were only holes scraped in the earth. Three of us were crammed into a hole too small for one. One chap was in one end, one in the other and I lay on the side with my feet in the trench. No sleep again for any of us. We hadn’t been in position long before a chap decided to rush back for something or other. He’d hardly started before he fell moaning in a heartbreaking tone, “I’m badly wounded, oh I’m badly wounded.” The poor fellow’s cries ceased before long. He had fought and given his life!

Another chap tried to rush from the outpost trench to us, and when about half way they got him low down in the stomach. The poor beggar was groaning awfully all the way. He lay in our trench and was alive next night, but there was no possible hope for him. Poor beggar! Our company cook, a letter carrier named Cox, was in a hole dug halfway to the outpost trench to repeat verbal orders. After a while they could not raise him and on investigation found that he had gone on the Unknown Journey. A sniper got him in the head. . . A chap near me next afternoon had a very narrow squeak. A bullet went through his cap and took a bit of skin off his head. . .

We had to cross over about a hundred yards under fire to reach safety at the rear of the hill so we rushed over. About ten yards from the safety trench I stopped to walk when I got a knock in the shoulder like the kick of a 12-inch gun. I didn’t want another, and tumbled into the trench mighty quick. Got the wound dressed and was led back to the rear. I’m hanged if I know where the beggar could have been. He must have been almost under me, and the valley beneath us was full of our own boys. The bullet went in at the back of my armpit and came out near the top of my shoulder in front.

Had the good luck to see Vernie (the writer's brother) near the Ambulance Hospital. He was OK and made me a cup of tea and it quite put me in a good humor. I then had to report to the ambulance and they shipped me off to hospital ship before I knew what was doing. Did not get another chance to see Vernie and haven’t heard a word since, so I am rather anxious about him. . .

We had no artillery on the Sunday, but our guns got going on the Monday, though to get them into position I believe that they had to blow half a hill away and build a road, and then man-handle the guns up this road. . . It would do your heart good to see the dirt fly when one of our howitzer shells landed. By Jingo they made things hum.

Had a fairly good time on the hospital ship on the way to Alexandria, but got a bad dose of fever of some sort, but am pretty right now though the fever took a lot of flesh off me. My wounds are healed externally, but can’t for the life of me lift my arm upsideways yet.

We were all in a high old humor when they told us that we were going to England. The “Ghoorka” was originally intended for an Indian hospital ship, but they shoved us into her. Nearly all the medical staff were Hindoos and a very intelligent lot they were too. The doctor that looked after me was a real intelligent chap and thoroughly understood his work. We arrived at Southampton, Sunday, 16th May. They put us in a lovely hospital train. We absolutely couldn’t feel it starting and we got two meals and every attention on the way to Birmingham. You ought to see the English scenery. I don’t know what it is like in the winter, but in the Spring -- well words can’t describe it. It’s glorious. Lovely green fields fringed in almost every case by either beautiful hedges or trees, and small clumps of trees scattered here and there, and the roads lovely and white and smooth. And complexions! Everyone, whether boy or girl, man or woman have the loveliest rosy cheeks and lips that you could imagine you’d think they were eternally blushing.

We got a great reception at Birmingham. As soon as we got off the platform there was a long line of motors waiting for us, and an enormous crowd and they cheered us all a treat. It was the same all the way to the hospital. Everybody we passed waved to us and gave us a smile of welcome. It was particularly cheerful after being outside of civilisation since we left dear old Australia.

But this hospital takes the bun. Why, it’s a blooming gaol. The things we mustn’t do that we want to do, are only exceeded by the things we must do that we don’t want to do. Practically all of us have been kept in bed though we are all able to potter round. Lights are out at 8 p.m. We have all to get up at 5 o’clock so that the beds can be made, and then we have to get back into bed. There are 44 beds in this ward which is known as ‘B4’. I asked the nurse if we'd be put in the ‘after’ ward next week, but she didn’t even smile. That’s the worst of these nurses. They don’t smile enough. They all get about as sober as a captured spy. I’ve been working overtime making them smile whenever they come near. Drew absolute blanks at first, but things are improving now. Got one of them to look quite happy for 10 secs. It makes me feel quite desperate.

Good news! The quack has just been around and he says that I can get up, so when they bring me my gaol suit – coat and trousers of blue fleece lined material – I’ll do so. They have all my other clothes, so of course I HAVE to stay in bed. The regulations only allow us to wander in certain parts of the grounds so even our liberty outside is curtailed. As for getting out and looking over Birmingham, I believe the nurses would have a seizure if you mentioned it to them. I haven’t had a shave for a month. You ought to see me. I lost everything but what I stood up in when I was shot including my razor, etc.

-taken from: Anzac History World War 1 Letters from the trenches of WWI Gallipoli France:

http://www.smythe.id.au/letters/15_32.htm

The Nurse Without a Smile

“The worst of these nurses is that they do not smile enough. They all get about as sober as a captured spy. I’ve been working overtime making them smile whenever they come near.”-

Private Bert Smythe of Jerilderie, writing from Birmingham hospital.

When the boys were in the trenches, they 
were grinning all the while,
For the motto of Australia is to take it 
with a smile:
Grisley Death was there beside, and they 
took him as a Joke,
As they held their places blithely in the
line that never broke:
When the bullet found its billet, and it
left them limp and weak,
They could always raise a chuckle, though
they felt too sick to speak;
And, lying in the hospital, they said: “It
might be worse
Than stopping here to try and raise a
giggle from the nurse,”
The shrapnel of the enemy made gaps
along the line;
But it never stopped the smiling, never
made the boys resign
Their title clear to laughter, as trench by
trench they won,
And said, ”A fellow has to laugh to see
those beggars run.”
They quizzed the stretcher-carriers with,
“Cabby, what’s your fare?
I’ll tell my clerk to write a cheque as soon
as we get there.”
And Bertie, in the hospital, still helped
his side to win
When he was working overtime to make
the nurses grin.
Our brave Australian boys went out
to storm the Turkish fort,
To do the thing in Battle that they used
to do in sport;
Though the nation was decadent, as we’ve
heard the wowsers say
The world has got a different tale to tell
of them to-day.
“They never could be serious,” the
Jeremiahs cried;
“Not us,” the soldiers answered; and they
laughed, and fought, and died;
Beneath the keen and callous stars, on
every death-strewn hill
They lie with clay-cold faces that are
smiling, smiling still.
They blazed a rough and bloody track to
heights of endless fame;
They charged, and laughed, and charged
again, and counted it a game;
And when, in hard won trenches, they
could get a moment’s rest,
Along the line from flank to flank, they
swept a rippling jest,
White Fear, that rode across the night,
unnoticed passed them by,
As every gay battalion sent its laughter to
the sky;
No man is heard in agony his evil luck to
curse,
While Bertie from Jerilderie pokes borak
at the nurse.

Unknown author

In time, I will put many items on this blog, but here is something to begin with.

The name of this poet is Leon Gellert.

A little about Leon Gellert: The epitome of what St. John Adcock describes as the "seamy" representation of war can be found in the writing of Leon Gellert, who was "terribly conscious of that revolting, inglorious underside of war." Gellert, from Adelaide, was posted to Gallipoli after the outbreak of war, but developed dysentery and septicaemia after three days of solid fighting. He was discharged from army, but his experience of the horrors of warfare found its way into his verse. In "Songs of a Campaign" he chose to depict the effects of warfare on the men who fought. His war poetry portrays grit, disillusionment and "the piteous wreckage of humanity" in verses about the ordeal of the soldier such as "The Attack at Dawn" and "Before Action," or the after effects of war in "The Cripple," or "The Blind Man." In fact, his writing is emblematic of the disillusionment that extended warfare brought, and similar in tone (if less satiric) to that of the British poet Siegfried Sassoon. This type of anti-romantic war poetry was one of the great revelations of the First World War. Where, in the past, an idealistic language of noble and heroic battle had dominated war writing, the First World War was said to have shattered notions of heroism. St. John Adcock attributes this shift of perspective to the mass conscription of the Great War, where armies consisted of recruits rather than professional soldiers. Gellert is a strong poet, and he is relatively unknown; even in Australia.

The Death

I’m hit. It’s come at last, I feel a smart
Of needles in ……My God …. I’m hit again!
No pain this time……no pain….. and yet…..
my heart……
Where is my heart? ‘Tis strange I feel no pain.
The night is still, the night is very still
I feel the April rain upon my hair.
I see the lights upon yonder hill

Agleam and shining in the silent air.
How soft the grasses seem-how soft and cool!
How long the valley looks-how long and deep!
How warm the rain! I feel a little pool
Beside my hand. I feel…..Can this be sleep?
Can this be sleep…. This buzzing in my head?….
Good God! A light! A light! The pool! I’m ***